Ever walk by a con­struc­tion project in the city and wonder what the site will look like one day? Well, a team of seven seniors at North­eastern has cre­ated a new app for that.

For their inter­ac­tive media cap­stone, the stu­dents devel­oped what they call arc—a mobile appli­ca­tion that bridges the gap between archi­tects and the public in regard to city plan­ning. Here’s how it would work: Archi­tects upload project specs, and com­mu­nity mem­bers walk to the con­struc­tion site and use an iPad’s camera-​​view fea­ture to see an aug­mented reality overlay of the pro­posed building over the cur­rent site. Users could view details like foot traffic, wind pat­terns, and the building’s shadows throughout the day, and then post feed­back directly to the architects.

“You really get a feel for what the project will be like,” said team member Michael Godlewski, who noted that the app’s web ver­sion would include sev­eral addi­tional features.

The app was one of the many under­grad­uate, grad­uate, and fac­ulty research projects on dis­play last Friday at RISE:2013, Northeastern’s inno­va­tion, schol­ar­ship, and research expo held in the Cabot Phys­ical Edu­ca­tion Center. The annual event, spon­sored by the Center for Research Inno­va­tion and the Office of the Provost, high­lights research across many dis­ci­plines and show­cases the breadth and depth of inno­v­a­tive thinking at Northeastern.

Fol­lowing the poster demon­stra­tions at the expo, indi­vidual projects in seven cat­e­gories at the under­grad­uate and grad­uate level were rec­og­nized at an awards cer­e­mony. Of those win­ners, four stu­dent projects earned spe­cial RISE Awards that include grants to con­tinue the research. Pres­i­dent Joseph E. Aoun and Steven W. Director, provost and senior vice pres­i­dent for aca­d­emic affairs, pre­sented the awards to the win­ners, who were deter­mined by an expert panel of judges from North­eastern and industry.

One award went to “arc” in the “Inter­dis­ci­pli­nary Topics, Cen­ters, and Insti­tutes” cat­e­gory for undergraduates.

At the cer­e­mony, Tracey Doden­hoff, director of the Center for Research Inno­va­tion, noted that one of Northeastern’s greatest strengths is the diver­sity of thought that exists throughout campus. It’s for that reason that RISE orga­nizers resisted a sug­ges­tion from feed­back last year to group the posters by cat­e­gory at this year’s event.

“There’s safety in what we know, and it’s com­forting to be around people who share our ideas. But inno­va­tion takes the courage to put your­self out there with a dif­ferent per­spec­tive, a dif­ferent opinion, and even some­times a dif­ferent truth,” Doden­hoff said. “Trans­for­ma­tive inno­va­tion takes place inch by inch and day by day by people who are relent­lessly curious and have an unbri­dled vision of what could be.”

Many of the pre­sen­ta­tions at RISE:2013 fea­tured use-​​inspired research that addressed global chal­lenges. One cre­ated by a group of engi­neering stu­dents was a startup called Filter Light, billed as a low-​​cost, human-​​powered, UV water-​​filtration system for Third World coun­tries. The stu­dents got started through Engi­neers for the Greater Good—a weekend-​​long com­pe­ti­tion run by the North­eastern Entre­pre­neurs Club that chal­lenges stu­dents to build a busi­ness around a product that addresses a social good. They hope to have a pro­to­type ready next month.

Filter Light earned the under­grad­uate award in the “Engi­neering and Tech­nology” cat­e­gory and the spe­cial RISE Award in the “Inno­va­tion” category.

For his part, Ben­jamin Greer, a fourth-​​year archi­tec­ture stu­dent, devel­oped a new sus­tain­able model of coastal urban devel­op­ment for mit­i­gating urban runoff and storm surge con­t­a­m­i­na­tion. Using Assembly Square in Somerville, Mass., as a testing ground for his model, he pro­posed con­verting more than 50 acres of derelict indus­trial low­land back to its orig­inal form as a salt marsh. Salt marshes, he noted, pro­vide some of the most diverse pop­u­la­tions of marine species in the ecosystem and act as a filter for runoff pol­lu­tants and a drainage system that col­lects storm water.

Greer said that since the Indus­trial Rev­o­lu­tion, devel­op­ment of urban coastal land has often and unfor­tu­nately resulted in unfil­tered water runoff and pol­luted waterways—in this case, the Mystic River.

“The model is not spe­cific to this one site. It fits here in Somerville, but it could be repli­cated else­where,” said Greer, citing Bal­ti­more and Wash­ington, D.C.’s coast­lines as exam­ples. His project earned the under­grad­uate award in the “Human­i­ties and Arts” cat­e­gory and the spe­cial RISE Award in the “Schol­ar­ship” category.

Many stu­dent researchers cred­ited their experiential-​​learning oppor­tu­ni­ties at North­eastern for serving as the foun­da­tion for their work. Janelle Peiczarka, a com­bined major in busi­ness and polit­ical sci­ence, found inspi­ra­tion for her research while on a summer Dia­logue of Civ­i­liza­tions pro­gram in southern France in 2010 during the global eco­nomic crisis. Everyone the group encoun­tered, from politi­cians to a fruit stand worker in Nice, was feeling the effects.

“Ever since, I wanted to learn more about how coun­tries recov­ered from these crises in the past,” she said.

So she con­ducted research on the eco­nomic melt­downs of the late 20th and early 21st cen­turies, iden­ti­fying strate­gies that have led to recovery, like respon­sible fiscal poli­cies and building sup­portive rela­tion­ships with inter­na­tional orga­ni­za­tions. Then she applied the best prac­tices to a com­par­a­tive analysis of Ice­land and Greece during the global finan­cial crisis and dis­cov­ered that Iceland’s resilience and Greece’s strug­gles mir­rored her findings.

Third-​​year chem­istry major Rebecca Lewis is working on a research project on co-​​op at Mass­a­chu­setts Gen­eral Hos­pital in Boston that could lead to ear­lier diag­nosis of Alzheimer’s dis­ease. Lewis is working in the hospital’s Nuclear Med­i­cine and Mol­e­c­ular Imaging Divi­sion, where a team of researchers is using posi­tion emis­sion topog­raphy to test a rel­a­tively new hypoth­esis: that ele­vated levels of metals in the plaques in the brain could serve as an early signal of the disease.

Prior to her co-​​op, Lewis began vol­un­teering at the lab last summer and con­tinued working there in the fall for uni­ver­sity credit. “Our goal is to make a tracer that we can use for early diag­nosis,” she said.

We were excited and honored when the administration at Northeastern University asked us to help judge its RISE:2013 Research, Innovation and Scholarship Expo. The event, held at the physical education center on the school's Boston campus, brings together an incredibly diverse array of research projects covering a impressive number of fields, including physical and life sciences, engineering, humanities, arts & design, computer and information sciences, health sciences, law, business and social sciences.

As you might imagine, scoring works across such a diverse array of concentrations is no easy task. We did, however, manage to pull out a handful of projects that will no doubt be of particular interest to our own readership. The list includes the use of a Kinect camera and PC for physical rehabilitation, the 3D printing of embedded electrical technologies, a Lego set that helps bridge the gap between crustacean and robot and a device that employs an Arduino board and video games to help stroke victims recover motor skills. Check out a video of all of the above just after the break.

Physical rehabilitation was the focus of many of the in-house projects, each taking a decidedly different approach to getting patients back on their feet. Two projects in particular lept out at us. First up was the Virtual Rehabilitation System, presented by Meghan Huber, a student we had spoken with during our last visit to the school. The project utilizes Mathworks' MATLAB software and a Microsoft Kinect camera to capture real-time data for rehabilitation analysis. Unlike standard systems, this setup is affordable enough for home usage -- it also collects data on a wider range of motion, making it adaptable for different needs.

The Navigator, meanwhile, is an Arduino-based desktop system that monitors hand movements with a pivoting, squeezable handle. The system will be tied to customized games to reward the patient and help stave off boredom. Another project utilized an off-the-shelf Lego system built to resemble a lobster. Comparing its habits to its real world analog, researchers can learn something about the behavior of the animal and can further the robot to mimic real-world biology. 3-Spark's project, meanwhile, is looking to 3D print embedded electronics, using technology similar to consumer-facing extrusion units to print circuitry directly into ABS plastic molds. The result is a single unit with conductive electrical properties.

To kick off the Center for Research Inno­va­tion’sGlobal Entre­pre­neur­ship Week, each North­eastern dean had the oppor­tu­nity to describe the role entre­pre­neur­ship played in his or her college.

Just one problem: It turns out five min­utes isn’t nearly enough time. Deans, admit­tedly ver­bose by their very nature, con­sis­tently ran out the clock describing new ini­tia­tives and endeavors, each time drawing a friendly cue from CRI director Tracey Dodenhoff.

As each dean spoke, a common theme emerged: North­eastern is home to a vital and growing com­mu­nity of entre­pre­neurs, working across dis­ci­plines to develop cre­ative solu­tions to the prob­lems of today and tomorrow.

Engi­neering dean Nadine Aubry spoke during the Global Entre­pre­neur­ship Week kickoff event.

“The only edu­ca­tion really worth having is one where you take what you know and know how to use it,” saidSchool of Law dean Jeremy Paul, describing how Northeastern’s long­standing com­mit­ment to real-world, expe­ri­en­tial edu­ca­tion and use-inspired research gives the uni­ver­sity an extra advan­tage in fos­tering entre­pre­neurs. “For law stu­dents, entre­pre­neur­ship is not merely the side­line; it is the main event.”

Hugh Courtney, the dean of the D’Amore-McKim School of Busi­ness, said the co-op pro­gram gives the uni­ver­sity a tremen­dous com­pet­i­tive advan­tage over other schools because of the level of engage­ment with industry North­eastern stu­dents receive.

“These stu­dents we are get­ting today have the aca­d­emic cre­den­tials to go any­where in the world,” Courtney said. “So why do they choose to come here? It’s co-op. Think about the guts and lack of risk-aversion a 17– or 18-year-old has to have to make that choice. The stu­dents we have are born entrepreneurs.”

“It’s our job to catch up,” he added, describing new insti­tu­tional endeavors, like the Center for Entre­pre­neur­ship Edu­ca­tion and Devel­op­ment, which are key to sharing the busi­ness school’s aca­d­emic approach to entre­pre­neur­ship with pro­grams across the university.

At the start of the kickoff event, held Tuesday night in the Raytheon Amphithe­ater in the Egan Research Center, Doden­hoff described the past year as a land­mark for inno­va­tion at North­eastern. The uni­ver­sity, she said, saw an 88 per­cent increase in inven­tion dis­clo­sure and 10 new patents, citing a few exam­ples from CRI’s newly-released annual report.

Global Entre­pre­neur­ship Week, which started Tuesday and runs through Friday, brings ses­sions on entre­pre­neur­ship and inno­va­tion across aca­d­emic dis­ci­plines to campus. Tuesday’s events included the inau­gural B.I.G. Ven­ture Fair in the Curry Stu­dent Center and co-hosted by CRI and Career Ser­vices. B.I.G, which stands for busi­ness, inno­va­tion and growth, con­nected star­tups from across the Boston area with stu­dents eager to build part­ner­ships or pursue a career at an up-and-coming venture.

Pres­i­dent Joseph E. Aoun (left) shakes hands with Randy Dailey, com­puter sci­ence ’09, who works for Loc­a­lytics, a mobile appli­ca­tion ana­lytics com­pany, at the B.I.G. Ven­ture Fair.

Pres­i­dent Joseph E. Aoun also toured the fair, greeting stu­dents and learning more about the entre­pre­neurial ven­tures on display.

At another event on Tuesday, stu­dents got an up-close look at how one of film’s most beloved char­ac­ters found his way into a social-media adven­ture game. The ses­sion, titled“Indiana Jones Adven­ture World: Making Core Game­play for Everyone”and hosted by the North­eastern Center for the Arts, fea­tured 2007 mechan­ical engi­neering alumnus Seth Sivak dis­cussing the devel­op­ment of the suc­cessful game for Facebook.

Seth Sivak, who grad­u­ated with a degree in mechan­ical engi­neering in 2007, spoke about video game design.

“We said, ‘Let’s make changes quickly, let’s come up with pro­to­types and just keep throwing away things that aren’t fun,” said Sivak, describing his team’s men­tality in cre­ating a game that would appeal to all audi­ences and thrive in a com­pet­i­tive envi­ron­ment. “Because we weren’t making a game that was just for gamers; we were a small team but we had to come up with a product that could appeal to people of all ages.”

IDEA: Northeastern’s Venture Accelerator was featured on MSNBC’s ‘Your Business’, presented by American Express OPEN Forum. The five minute segment, which aired on September 23, featured members of the IDEA management team, as well as ventures influences@, Annie Mulz, and Willō Cocktails.The MSNBC crew visited Northeastern this past July when they interviewed IDEA CEO Chris Wolfel, Faculty Advisor Dan Gregory, and founders of several IDEA ventures over a period of three days.After airing nationwide, the segment was published on American Express’ YouTube and OPEN Forum channels. They highlighted IDEA by saying:

The Association of University Technology Managers is seeking academic and research institution-affiliated startup companies to participate in the AUTM 2013 Venture Forum Business Plan Competition, taking place March 1 during the AUTM Annual Meeting in San Antonio, Texas.

The first place company will receive at $10,000 cash prize. To be eligible:

• The startup must be a legally existing company and have a license or option-to-license with a research institution (university, research hospital, research institute, government laboratory), and the obligated technology must comprise an integral part of the startup’s business focus. Note: There is no territorial limitation on the company’s location.
• The startup does not need to have received prior professional investment but must be actively seeking funding. Note: startups that have already received (i) a Series A round, (ii) in excess of $2 million in private investments, or (iii) significant sales revenue in 2012 or before are too advanced and not eligible for this competition.
• A manager/executive must present the venture pitch, not an inventor/scientist.

Applications are due Monday, November 12, 2012.

For more information and to apply online, visit the AUTM 2013 Annual Meeting Web site.

Northeastern ‘s reputation for relevant innovation is continuing to draw interest, a trend which was evident  at AdvaMed 2012.  Leading the translation of University innovations to high impact solutions through entrepreneurship and commercialization strategies, CRI contributed to the visibility of the research and academic community in the Massachusetts Pavilion.  The Pavilion showcased some of the ‘best and brightest’ the state has to offer to the global medical technology industry, punctuated by the presence of Governor Patrick.

Tracey Dodenhoff, Founding Director, CRI, met with a wide range of entities from the medical technology ecosystem, including MassBio, MassMEDIC, Johnson and Johnson, and Toyota Tsusho. Conversations set the path for future collaborations as well as provided engaging exchange around the technological advances and opportunities in the medical field.

A key outcome of CRI’s participation in AdvaMed 2012 is an invitation to the EU-US eHealth Marketplace, sponsored by the US Department of Health and Human Resources (DHHS) and the European Commission DG Connect (EC) to foster trans-Atlantic business endeavors in the healthcare and health IT sectors.

About Northeastern University’s Center for Research Innovation
Northeastern University’s Center for Research Innovation (CRI) is a catalyst for the transformation of Northeastern’s use-inspired innovations into high impact solutions. CRI has a wide range of life science technologies available for licensing, including portfolios of small molecules for therapeutic use; nano and microparticle compositions for therapeutic and/or diagnostic applications; devices for therapeutic and preventive use, diagnostics tailored to in-clinic and at home use; tools and equipment for research and clinical applications; and software for diagnostic and individualized wellness assessments.

About AdvaMed
In its 6^th year, AdvaMed 2012 provided a unique environment for its member companies to meet and foster relationships leading to collaborations and investments.  These member companies produce medical devices, diagnostic products and health information systems that are transforming health care through early disease detection, less invasive procedures and more effective treatments.  AdvaMed 2012 participants represented 22 countries and took place October 1-3 in Boston, MA.

With inventions surfacing at a record pace, Northeastern ‘s reputation as a source for relevant innovations is continuing to grow.  CRI leads the translation of University innovations to high impact solutions by leveraging entrepreneurship and commercialization strategies.  Participation in AdvaMed 2012 (over 1900 participants) will create additional opportunities in the Medtech vertical while continuing to increase the visibility of Northeastern University’s commitment to high impact innovation.  Highlights of the convention include meetings with C-suite individuals of significant companies representing the Medtech Industry, participation with other highly regarded entities in the Massachusetts Pavilion, and the ability to gain insight into the most up-to-date technological advances in the medical field.

CRI recently attended BIO 2012 (over 15,000 participants) with a similar mission of continuing to develop corporate relationships across the Bio-tech and Pharmaceutical Industries.  These meetings produced significant relationships that, with the help of CRI, are fostering collaborations between NU innovators and big name corporations, helping to bring NU innovations to the marketplace.

About Northeastern University’s Center for Research Innovation
Northeastern University’s Center for Research Innovation (CRI) is a catalyst for the transformation of Northeastern’s use-inspired innovations into high impact solutions. CRI has a wide range of life science technologies available for licensing, including portfolios of small molecules for therapeutic use; nano and microparticle compositions for therapeutic and/or diagnostic applications; devices for therapeutic and preventive use, diagnostics tailored to in-clinic and at home use; tools and equipment for research and clinical applications; and software for diagnostic and individualized wellness assessments.

About AdvaMed
In its 6^th year, AdvaMed 2012 provides a unique environment for its member companies to meet and foster relationships leading to collaborations and investments.  These member companies produce medical devices, diagnostic products and health information systems that are transforming health care through early disease detection, less invasive procedures and more effective treatments.  AdvaMed 2012 participants represent 22 countries and will take place October 1-3 in Boston, MA.

Center for Research Innovation
Northeastern University
900 Renaissance Park
Boston, MA 02115
Telephone: 617.373.8810
Fax: 617.373.8866
cri@neu.edu

He appreciates the important guidance and assistance the Center for Research Innovation (CRI) provided along a journey that has led to creating his own company, AndrosRobotics, in 2012.

As a lifelong runner and cyclist, and former rower, Pietrusinski was always curious about human locomotion. He earned a degree in mechanical engineering then turned his attention to developing a novel lower-body exoskeleton.  He concentrated on therapeutic robotics as a way to treat injury and trauma.

With the help of his Northeastern University PhD, and the assistance and insights of CRI, Pietrusinski 's highly focused work will help stroke victims rehabilitate better and faster. AndrosRobotics is a spinoff company from the Biomedical Mechatronics Laboratory in the department of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering at Northeastern University.

"This really was a collaborative effort with the CRI,  HSE (Health Sciences Entrepreneurs), the Spaulding Rehabilitation Hospital, and my academic advisor Prof. Constantinos Mavroidis, who was very supportive of forming a company and is now one of the founding members " said Pietrusinski.

Dr. Paolo Bonato at the Spaulding Rehabilitation Hospital, identified the critical need for such devices and came up with the original idea. Working with him and Prof. Mavroidis, Pietrusinski developed a prototype as part of his PhD thesis. Four years later, the Robotic Gait Rehabilitation (RGR) Trainer was a reality, his PhD was complete, and AndrosRobotics LLC was born.

Established in 2012, AndrosRobotics develops and markets clinician-tested rehabilitation devices that also measure joint position while providing corrective motion support. The mechanisms apply a therapeutic guiding force to specific treatment areas while providing objective, patient performance-monitoring digital data for use by therapists, caseworkers, and patients.

The RGR Trainer will be one of AndrosRobotics' first products and will provide gait therapy for stroke victims.  The system is being tested at the Spaulding Rehabilitation Hospital in Boston. During therapeutic walking sessions on a treadmill, patients have corrective guiding pressure applied to their pelvic area by the RGR Trainer.

"CRI is very helpful with protecting our innovative ideas," said Pietrusinski. Along with HSE, he explained, CRI helped Pietrusinski with grant proposals, business models, patent applications, intellectual property issues, marketing plans and approaches to venture capitalists.

He continues to apply his CRI experiences while regularly networking with fellow Northeastern alumni, which offers excellent opportunities for brainstorming.

There's now a second product, the 2-DoF Robotic Hand Rehabilitation System, which performs similar therapeutic and data monitoring activities for the hand.

"There's always a risk, but I remind myself and others that this is the right time to take it,” said Pietrusinski.  “I know the field, I have developed relationships, and I know that I have the support of the university."

Metamagnetics develops novel microwave materials and devices for use in microwave and millimeter-wave electronics and multifunctional integrated circuits. It seeks to develop leading edge technologies that operate well beyond current operational limits, especially in the area of radar, communication, sensing and other high-frequency electromagnetic technologies.

The founders of Metamagnetics explained that what is now a seven-person company began as a conversation in a kitchen over a few cool beverages on a hot day. That informal discussion evolved into Metamagnetics, Inc. with important and helpful advice and advocacy from the Center for Research Innovation (CRI) at Northeastern University that continues today.

"Before CRI was established there was no mechanism to embrace entrepreneurial activities, to foster the proper context with small business creation," said Dr. Vincent Harris, company founder, and the Northeastern professor who directs the university's Center for Microwave Magnetic Materials and Integrated Circuits. "CRI created an environment where entrepreneurship was not only embraced but championed. It was applauded and celebrated."

"We love the fact that Northeastern has taken us under their wing," said Elaine Trudell, Metamagnetics' President and Chief Operations Officer. "[CRI director] Tracey Dodenhoff is a tremendous advocate,” added Trudell. “We were very much engaged by Tracey—and, whenever she saw a chance to help us out, she went out and paved the way."

The Metamagnetics Inc. research staff is composed of Ph.D. scientists, some who graduated from the CM3IC, and expert consultants that include experienced faculty and engineers who have more than ten decades of experience in these fields. Together, they work with business and the military to develop next generation radar technologies that are lighter, cheaper and perform better.

One current use is with unmanned aerial vehicles, better known as drones to gather information and provide security. Metamagnetics also develops broadband integrated systems and low profile antenna designs that impact a broad range of wireless and satellite communication applications, such as advanced wireless services (including 3G), cable TV relay, cellular service, GPS, mobile satellite, and space operation and research.

"The CRI staff continues to offer real-time advice including providing assistance negotiating exclusive licenses that will become cornerstones of the company, finding helpful contacts within the Northeastern community, and suggesting board of directors candidates and investors," said Harris.

The field of architecture lies at the intersection of the sciences and the arts, employing a combination of engineering and artistry, functionality and design.  Traditionally, these opposing disciplines have relied on distinct regimes of intellectual property protection.  Yet, the cross-disciplinary nature of architecture causes ambiguity, falling somewhere in between the protection framework for patent and copyright.[1]  The following article provides an overview of the law applying intellectual property concepts to architecture, and gives some insight on the issue of protecting architectural works.

Students of architecture study the work of others within the discipline, and combine this knowledge with their own ideas and aesthetic to design and construct original works.[2]  In light of this ebb and flow of ideas and inspiration, students often wonder if it is possible for contemporary architects to protect their functional innovations, original works and creative designs – it is.  Overwhelmingly, protection for architectural works is accomplished with the use of copyright.

Under the Architectural Works Copyright Protection Act of 1990 (AWCPA), copyright protection extends specifically to “the design of a building as embodied in any tangible medium of expression, including a building, architectural plans, or drawings. The work includes the overall form as well as the arrangement and composition of spaces and elements in the design, but does not include individual standard features.”[3]  As long as the building uses a design that is original and not required for functionality, copyright protection will cover the work.[4]

Copyright protection attaches automatically once the architect has captured the work in a physical medium, such as by drawing a sketch or drafting blueprints.[5]  Copyright generally gives the owner the exclusive right to reproduce the work, distribute copies, and create derivative works.[6]  The challenge lies in determining to what extent the fusion of individual, standard elements - such as a door or a window - results in protectable artistic expression.[7]  The requirement that a building’s design be original is not a high bar.  There is no requirement for ingenuity or aesthetic merit; the originality requisite is routinely fulfilled by the integration of unoriginal elements in new and creative ways.[8]

Before AWCPA, there was little protection available for works serving to enhance function and efficiency, but more flexibility exists under the law today, allowing some portion of design to also be functional.[9]  Certain categories of work have always been excluded from copyright protection, however.  These include any construction for which design is dictated by pragmatic or technical requisites of engineering and, above all, work which does not encompass or evince an architect’s creative expression.[10]  For these reasons, highways, bridges, canals, or the unenclosed organization of space, such as parks, golf courses, and gardens, are all excluded.[11]  It is also worth noting the limited scope of copyright protection with respect to architectural works – an architect has no recourse for either the destruction or alteration of their work, and also cannot prevent distribution of two-dimensional reproductions of the work, such as photographs.[12]

Infinite combinations of standard individual elements that make up architectural “vocabulary” (for example, a bay window or a stone wall) are possible.[13]  Although these elements cannot be individually protected under copyright law[14], by filing a design patent, there can be protection available for original architectural elements as “ornamental” works.[15]  In general, design patents offer a more limited scope of protection than copyright; they are harder to qualify for and give the holder fewer rights.  Furthermore, the protection offered by design patents is even further limited, lasting merely 14 years from the date of filing.[16]